Jean Shepherd's street corner reminiscences about growing up "in that great inverted bowl of darkness, the Midwest," worked wonderfully well for public television a few years ago in "The Phantom of the Open Hearth," presented as part of the "Visions" series. They do so again tonight a 9 o'clock on WNET-TV, in "The Great American Fourth of July... And Other Disasters," this weeks "American Playhouse" offering. . .